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Forensic Architecture

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</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Forensic Architecture</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption">Forensic Architecture Logo</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">2010 (2010)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Research type</th><td class="infobox-data category">Multidisciplinary</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Field of research</div></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="Architecture" title="Architecture">Architecture</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em"><a href="Director_(business)" title="Director (business)">Director</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="Eyal_Weizman" title="Eyal Weizman">Eyal Weizman</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em"><a href="Alumni" title="Alumni">Alumni</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Susan Schuppli, John Palmesino, Lorenzo Pezzani</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Operating agency</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="University_of_London" title="University of London">University of London</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forensic-architecture.org">Official website</a> </td></tr></tbody></table>

Forensic Architecture is a multidisciplinary research group based at <a href="Goldsmiths%2C_University_of_London" title="Goldsmiths, University of London">Goldsmiths, University of London</a> that uses architectural techniques and technologies to investigate cases of state violence and violations of human rights around the world. The group is led by architect <a href="Eyal_Weizman" title="Eyal Weizman">Eyal Weizman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> He received a <a href="Peabody_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Peabody Award">Peabody Award</a> in 2021 for his work with Forensic Architecture.

The agency develops new evidentiary techniques and undertakes advanced architectural and media research<a href="#cite_note-auto2-2">[2]</a> with and on behalf of communities affected by state violence, and routinely works in partnership with international prosecutors, human rights organisations and political and <a href="Environmental_justice" title="Environmental justice">environmental justice</a> groups.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> It consists of an interdisciplinary team of investigators including architects, scholars, artists, filmmakers, software developers, investigative journalists, archaeologists, lawyers, and scientists. It investigates alleged human rights violations by states or corporations on behalf of civil society groups.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> The group uses advanced architectural and media techniques to investigate armed conflicts and environmental destruction, as well as to <a href="Cross-reference" title="Cross-reference">cross-reference</a> a variety of evidence sources, such as new media, <a href="Remote_sensing" title="Remote sensing">remote sensing</a>, material analysis, and witness testimony.<a href="#cite_note-auto-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a>

The term forensic architecture also refers to an academic field and an emergent field of practice developed at the Centre for Research Architecture, at Goldsmiths, University of London, concerning the production and presentation of architectural evidence, relating to buildings and urban environments and their media representations.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-2">[2]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

Forensic Architecture was formed in 2010 as a research project within the Centre for Research Architecture at Goldsmiths, University of London.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> The project developed as a response to several converging phenomena, such as the urbanisation of warfare, the erosion of trust in evidence in relation to state crimes and human rights violations, the emergence and proliferation of open source media (or 'image flotsam'), the increased use of smartphone footage in documenting human rights violations in urban conflict, and the need for civil society to have its own means of evidence production for application in law, politics and advocacy.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a>

The first project undertaken by Forensic Architecture was an investigation into the killing of Bassem Abu Rahma in <a href="Bil'in" title="Bil'in">Bil'in</a>, for human rights lawyer and activist <a href="Michael_Sfard" title="Michael Sfard">Michael Sfard</a>, which was eventually presented to the <a href="Supreme_Court_of_Israel" title="Supreme Court of Israel">Supreme Court of Israel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a>

In 2011, Forensic Architecture was awarded funding for four years by the <a href="European_Research_Council" title="European Research Council">European Research Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Also that year, a team within Forensic Architecture began to conduct investigations into the policies of European national and international authorities in relation to migration across the Mediterranean. That team, called <a href="Forensic_Oceanography" title="Forensic Oceanography">Forensic Oceanography</a>,<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> published its first report in 2012, investigating of the deaths of seventy-three migrants who were left drifting for two weeks within NATO's maritime surveillance area.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a>

In 2012, Forensic Architecture presented a report to a meeting of states party to the UN <a href="Convention_on_Certain_Conventional_Weapons" title="Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons">Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons</a> on the use of airburst <a href="White_phosphorus" title="White phosphorus">white phosphorus</a> munitions in urban environments, in regard to the Israeli attacks on <a href="Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza</a> in December 2008 and January 2009, known as '<a href="Operation_Cast_Lead" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Cast Lead">Operation Cast Lead</a>'. The report eventually led Israel to admit for the first time the use of such munitions, and later to declare that the <a href="Israeli_Defence_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Defence Force">IDF</a> would stop using white phosphorus munitions in populated areas.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Also that year, the agency conducted an investigation with SITU Studio and <a href="The_Bureau_of_Investigative_Journalism" title="The Bureau of Investigative Journalism">the Bureau of Investigative Journalism</a> titled 'Where the Drones Strike', on behalf of the UN Special Rapporteur on Counter Terrorism and Human Rights, <a href="Ben_Emmerson" title="Ben Emmerson">Ben Emmerson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a>

In 2013, the project was awarded a second <a href="European_Research_Council" title="European Research Council">European Research Council</a> grant<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> to develop a multimedia data-aggregation and -visualisation platform called Pattrn. Pattrn enables its users to anonymously collate and share first-hand reports of events 'on the ground' and to make sense of information by combining and visualising different forms of media and information.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The tool was employed by Forensic Architecture in their Gaza Platform, an interactive map of attacks by Israeli forces on Gaza between 8 July and 26 August 2014, developed in partnership with Amnesty International,<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> as well as by organisations including as <a href="ACLED" class="mw-redirect" title="ACLED">ACLED</a>.

In 2015, in partnership with Amnesty International, Forensic Architecture collected and analysed mobile phone footage of hundreds of explosions in the city of <a href="Rafah" title="Rafah">Rafah</a>, Gaza, during the city's 'Black Friday' of <a href="2014_Israel%E2%80%93Gaza_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 Israel–Gaza conflict">1 August 2014</a>. By analysing the shape and movement of bomb clouds captured in mobile phone footage, Forensic Architecture's researchers located and mapped hundreds of Israeli strikes on the city.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> The investigation exposed the Israeli military directive known as the <a href="Hannibal_Directive" title="Hannibal Directive">Hannibal Directive</a>, leading to its discontinuation.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a>

In 2016, Forensic Architecture was awarded further funding by the European Research Council.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> That year, again in partnership with <a href="Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>, Forensic Architecture conducted an investigation into Syria's <a href="Saydnaya_Prison" class="mw-redirect" title="Saydnaya Prison">Saydnaya Prison</a>, interviewing surviving detainees who had been blindfolded or kept in darkness for most of the years they had spent in the space, and reconstructing the dimensions of the prison through a process of 'ear witnessing' and digital modelling.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-22">[22]</a>

In 2017, Forensic Architecture produced a video investigation into the presence of a member of the <a href="Federal_Office_for_the_Protection_of_the_Constitution" title="Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution">German intelligence services</a> at the scene of the <a href="National_Socialist_Underground_murders#Murder_of_Halit_Yozgat" title="National Socialist Underground murders">2006 killing by neo-Nazis</a> of a Turkish internet cafe owner. Forensic Architecture conducted physical experiments which cast doubt on the testimony of the secret service agent.<a href="#cite_note-auto-5">[5]</a> The results of their video and written reports were ultimately referenced in both federal and state parliamentary inquiries in Germany, as well as the trial of the remaining NSU members in Munich.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a>

In April 2018, it was announced that Forensic Architecture were one of four nominees for the 2018 <a href="Turner_Prize" title="Turner Prize">Turner Prize</a> for their work relating to the <a href="Killing_of_Yacoub_Abu_Al-Qia'an" title="Killing of Yacoub Abu Al-Qia'an">killing of Yacoub Abu Al-Qia'an</a> in <a href="Umm_al-Hiran" title="Umm al-Hiran">Umm al-Hiran</a>, but ultimately they lost out to iPhone artist <a href="Charlotte_Prodger" title="Charlotte Prodger">Charlotte Prodger</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a>

In May 2018, in partnership with <a href="Bellingcat" title="Bellingcat">Bellingcat</a> and Venezuelan journalists, Forensic Architecture collected, timed, and located nearly 70 pieces of evidence related to <a href="El_Junquito_raid" title="El Junquito raid">El Junquito raid</a>, including videos, photographs, leaked audio of police radio communications and official statements, asking for more material to determine if rebel police officer <a href="%C3%93scar_Alberto_P%C3%A9rez" title="Óscar Alberto Pérez">Óscar Pérez</a> and his companions were victims of <a href="Extrajudicial_killings" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrajudicial killings">extrajudicial killings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a>

Fellows and PhD students who have been part of the Forensic Architecture programme include Susan Schuppli, John Palmesino, Lorenzo Pezzani and Charles Heller (co-founders of the Forensic Oceanography project), <a href="Lawrence_Abu_Hamdan" title="Lawrence Abu Hamdan">Lawrence Abu Hamdan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Anselm Franke,<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Ayesha Hameed, Thomas Keenan, Paulo Tavares, Francesco Sebregondi, Maayan Amir, Ariel Caine and Stefanos Levidis.

In 2019 as part of the <a href="Whitney_Biennial" title="Whitney Biennial">Whitney Biennial</a>, the group created a video piece critical of Whitney trustee member <a href="Warren_Kanders" title="Warren Kanders">Warren Kanders</a>. The video detailed Kanders' involvement in a company that produces tear gas used against nonviolent democratic protestors across the world.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Kanders resigned from his position as Whitney board member shortly after the exhibition opened.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a>

In October 2024, after monitoring and analysing <a href="Israeli_war_crimes_in_the_Gaza_war" title="Israeli war crimes in the Gaza war">Israel's war conduct in Gaza</a> for more than a year, the group published a map detailing Israel's campaign in Gaza titled "A Cartography of Genocide",<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> accompanied by an 827-page text report that concludes that "Israel's military campaign in Gaza is organised, systematic, and intended to destroy conditions of life and life-sustaining infrastructure".<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a>

In 2024 Forensic Architecture received a <a href="Right_Livelihood_Award" title="Right Livelihood Award">Right Livelihood Award</a> for its lead in the development of new methodologies that combine technology with human rights advocacy.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methodology">Methodology</h2></div>

Forensic Architecture describes forensic work as operating across three spaces: the field, the laboratory, and the forum.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Lacking the privileges of the state's forensic process—access to crime scenes, resources, and the power to set the rules of evidence—the agency employs 'counter-forensics', the process of turning the 'forensic gaze' onto the actions of the state.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-22">[22]</a> This includes operating in multiple 'forums', or public spaces, engaging not only with parliamentary and juridical processes but also museums, art galleries, citizens' tribunals, and the media.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> The ways in which the investigations by Forensic Architecture oscillate between judicial proof and art work is subject of an ongoing theoretical debate on evidence, aesthetics, and third-generation institutional critique.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a>

FA begins each case by conducting research from a range of sources, including: site visits, <a href="Lidar" title="Lidar">lidar</a> scanning, <a href="Photogrammetry" title="Photogrammetry">photogrammetry</a> and <a href="Ground-penetrating_radar" title="Ground-penetrating radar">ground-penetrating radar</a>, as well as the use of digital models to locate and synchronise source materials in space and time.

When citizens, journalists or participants in conflict record events using cameras or smartphones, they also inadvertently capture vast amounts of spatial information about the immediate environment. When a site is recorded from more than one angle the intersection provides information about depth and volume. The resultant architectural models will be the basis for locating and animating the movement of each camera/video, as well as the movement of protagonists in space.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a>

The Architecture of Memory: FA engages witnesses using models as memory aids. The memory of witnesses/victims to violent events is often obscured by the experience of extreme violence, trauma and the general confusion of war.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> The entanglement of mediation and embodiment brings the witness back to the space and time of the incident, helping the recollection of previously forgotten details.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exhibitions">Exhibitions</h2></div>

<ul><li>Forensis, <a href="Haus_der_Kulturen_der_Welt" title="Haus der Kulturen der Welt">Haus der Kulturen der Welt</a>, Berlin, 2014; <a href="Fundaci%C3%B3n_Proa" title="Fundación Proa">Fundación Proa</a>, Buenos Aires, 2015.</li>

<li>Movie "77sqm_9:26min", <a href="Documenta_14" title="Documenta 14">documenta 14</a>, Kassel, 2016.</li>

<li>Forensic Architecture: Towards an Investigative Aesthetics, <a href="Barcelona_Museum_of_Contemporary_Art" title="Barcelona Museum of Contemporary Art">Barcelona Museum of Contemporary Art</a>, 2017; <a href="University_Museum_of_Contemporary_Art" title="University Museum of Contemporary Art">University Museum of Contemporary Art</a>, Mexico City, 2017.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Its first major international exhibition.</li>

<li>Counter Investigations: Forensic Architecture, <a href="Institute_of_Contemporary_Arts" title="Institute of Contemporary Arts">Institute of Contemporary Arts</a>, London, March–May 2018.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> A selection of their recent projects.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></li>

<li>London Design Biennale, September 2018.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></li>

<li>Whitney Biennial (New York City), July 2019.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></li>

<li>Video Essay "Cloud studies" for Critical Zones. Observatories for Earthly Politics, <a href="ZKM_Center_for_Art_and_Media_Karlsruhe" title="ZKM Center for Art and Media Karlsruhe">ZKM Center for Art and Media Karlsruhe</a>, Karlsruhe, 2020.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></li>

<li>Cloud Studies, <a href="Whitworth_Art_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitworth Art Gallery">Whitworth Art Gallery</a>, Manchester, 2021<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><div id="University_of_London1098" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="University_of_London" title="University of London">University of London</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #003F87; color: white; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #ED2939, inset -2px -2px 0 #ED2939;;width:1%;background: #ED2939; color: white"><a href="University_of_London#Administrative_structure" title="University of London">Institutions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Birkbeck%2C_University_of_London" title="Birkbeck, University of London">Birkbeck</a></li>

<li><a href="Brunel_University_of_London" title="Brunel University of London">Brunel</a></li>

<li><a href="City_St_George's%2C_University_of_London" title="City St George's, University of London">City St George's</a></li>

<li><a href="Courtauld_Institute_of_Art" title="Courtauld Institute of Art">Courtauld Institute of Art</a></li>

<li><a href="Goldsmiths%2C_University_of_London" title="Goldsmiths, University of London">Goldsmiths</a></li>

<li><a href="Institute_of_Cancer_Research" title="Institute of Cancer Research">Institute of Cancer Research</a></li>

<li><a href="King's_College_London" title="King's College London">King's College London</a></li>

<li><a href="London_Business_School" title="London Business School">London Business School</a></li>

<li><a href="London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a></li>

<li><a href="London_School_of_Hygiene_%26_Tropical_Medicine" title="London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine">London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine</a></li>

<li><a href="Queen_Mary_University_of_London" title="Queen Mary University of London">Queen Mary</a></li>

<li><a href="Royal_Academy_of_Music" title="Royal Academy of Music">Royal Academy of Music</a></li>

<li><a href="Royal_Central_School_of_Speech_and_Drama" title="Royal Central School of Speech and Drama">Royal Central School of Speech and Drama</a></li>

<li><a href="Royal_Holloway%2C_University_of_London" title="Royal Holloway, University of London">Royal Holloway</a></li>

<li><a href="Royal_Veterinary_College" title="Royal Veterinary College">Royal Veterinary College</a></li>

<li><a href="SOAS_University_of_London" title="SOAS University of London">School of Oriental and African Studies</a></li>

<li><a href="University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #003F87; color: white; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #ED2939, inset -2px -2px 0 #ED2939;;width:1%;background: #ED2939; color: white">Central bodies and programmes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Senate_House_Libraries" title="Senate House Libraries">Senate House Libraries</a></li>

<li><a href="School_of_Advanced_Study" title="School of Advanced Study">School of Advanced Study</a>

<ul><li><a href="Institute_of_Advanced_Legal_Studies" title="Institute of Advanced Legal Studies">Institute of Advanced Legal Studies</a></li>

<li><a href="Institute_of_Classical_Studies" title="Institute of Classical Studies">Institute of Classical Studies</a></li>

<li><a href="Institute_of_Commonwealth_Studies" title="Institute of Commonwealth Studies">Institute of Commonwealth Studies</a></li>

<li><a href="Institute_of_English_Studies" title="Institute of English Studies">Institute of English Studies</a></li>

<li><a href="Institute_of_Historical_Research" title="Institute of Historical Research">Institute of Historical Research</a>

<ul><li><a href="Centre_for_Metropolitan_History" title="Centre for Metropolitan History">Centre for Metropolitan History</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Institute_of_Latin_American_Studies" title="Institute of Latin American Studies">Institute of Latin American Studies</a></li>

<li><a href="Institute_of_Modern_Languages_Research" title="Institute of Modern Languages Research">Institute of Modern Languages Research</a></li>

<li><a href="Institute_of_Philosophy%2C_University_of_London" title="Institute of Philosophy, University of London">Institute of Philosophy</a></li>

<li><a href="Warburg_Institute" title="Warburg Institute">Warburg Institute</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="University_of_London_Institute_in_Paris" title="University of London Institute in Paris">University of London Institute in Paris</a></li>

<li><a href="University_of_London_Worldwide" title="University of London Worldwide">University of London Worldwide</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #003F87; color: white; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #ED2939, inset -2px -2px 0 #ED2939;;width:1%;background: #ED2939; color: white">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_Chancellors_of_the_University_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chancellors of the University of London">Chancellor</a>: <a href="Anne%2C_Princess_Royal" title="Anne, Princess Royal">The Princess Royal</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_vice-chancellors_of_the_University_of_London" title="List of vice-chancellors of the University of London">Vice-Chancellor</a>: <a href="Wendy_Thomson" title="Wendy Thomson">Wendy Thomson</a></li>

<li><a href="Visitor" title="Visitor">Visitor</a>: <a href="Lord_President_of_the_Council" title="Lord President of the Council">The Lord President of the Council</a> (<a href="Lucy_Powell" title="Lucy Powell">Lucy Powell</a>)</li></ul>

<ul><li>Academics</li>

<li>Alumni</li>

<li><a href="List_of_heads_of_member_institutions_of_the_University_of_London" title="List of heads of member institutions of the University of London">List of heads of colleges</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_University_of_London_people" class="mw-redirect" title="List of University of London people">List of University of London people</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #003F87; color: white; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #ED2939, inset -2px -2px 0 #ED2939;;width:1%;background: #ED2939; color: white">Places and buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bloomsbury" title="Bloomsbury">Bloomsbury</a></li>

<li><a href="Gordon_Square" title="Gordon Square">Gordon Square</a></li>

<li>Halls of residence

<ul><li><a href="College_Hall%2C_London" title="College Hall, London">College Hall</a></li>

<li><a href="Connaught_Hall%2C_London" title="Connaught Hall, London">Connaught Hall</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Hall%2C_London" title="International Hall, London">International Hall</a></li>

<li><a href="Nutford_House%2C_London" title="Nutford House, London">Nutford House</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Malet_Street" title="Malet Street">Malet Street</a></li>

<li><a href="Russell_Square" title="Russell Square">Russell Square</a></li>

<li><a href="Senate_House%2C_London" title="Senate House, London">Senate House</a></li>

<li><a href="Tavistock_Square" title="Tavistock Square">Tavistock Square</a></li>

<li><a href="Torrington_Square" title="Torrington Square">Torrington Square</a></li>

<li><a href="Woburn_Square" title="Woburn Square">Woburn Square</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #003F87; color: white; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #ED2939, inset -2px -2px 0 #ED2939;;width:1%;background: #ED2939; color: white"><a href="University_of_London#History" title="University of London">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:white; color: #003F87; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #ED2939, inset -1px -1px 0 #ED2939;">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bedford_College%2C_London" title="Bedford College, London">Bedford College</a></li>

<li><a href="Chelsea_College_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Chelsea College of Science and Technology">Chelsea College of Science and Technology</a></li>

<li><a href="Heythrop_College%2C_University_of_London" title="Heythrop College, University of London">Heythrop College</a></li>

<li><a href="Imperial_College_London" title="Imperial College London">Imperial College</a></li>

<li><a href="UCL_Institute_of_Education" title="UCL Institute of Education">Institute of Education</a></li>

<li><a href="Institute_of_Psychiatry%2C_Psychology_and_Neuroscience" title="Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience">Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience</a></li>

<li><a href="Institute_for_the_Study_of_the_Americas" title="Institute for the Study of the Americas">Institute for the Study of the Americas</a></li>

<li><a href="London_Consortium" title="London Consortium">London Consortium</a></li>

<li><a href="New_College_London" title="New College London">New College</a></li>

<li><a href="Queen_Elizabeth_College" title="Queen Elizabeth College">Queen Elizabeth College</a></li>

<li><a href="Regent's_Park_College%2C_Oxford" title="Regent's Park College, Oxford">Regent's Park College</a></li>

<li><a href="Royal_Postgraduate_Medical_School" title="Royal Postgraduate Medical School">Royal Postgraduate Medical School</a></li>

<li><a href="St_George's%2C_University_of_London" title="St George's, University of London">St George's</a></li>

<li><a href="UCL_School_of_Pharmacy" title="UCL School of Pharmacy">School of Pharmacy</a></li>

<li><a href="UCL_School_of_Slavonic_and_East_European_Studies" title="UCL School of Slavonic and East European Studies">School of Slavonic and East European Studies</a></li>

<li><a href="University_Marine_Biological_Station_Millport" title="University Marine Biological Station Millport">University Marine Biological Station Millport</a></li>

<li><a href="St_Thomas's_Hospital_Medical_School" title="St Thomas's Hospital Medical School">St Thomas's Hospital Medical School</a></li>

<li><a href="Westfield_College" title="Westfield College">Westfield College</a></li>

<li><a href="Wye_College" title="Wye College">Wye College</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:white; color: #003F87; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #ED2939, inset -1px -1px 0 #ED2939;">Buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="6_Burlington_Gardens" title="6 Burlington Gardens">6 Burlington Gardens</a></li>

<li><a href="Church_of_Christ_the_King%2C_Bloomsbury" title="Church of Christ the King, Bloomsbury">Church of Christ the King</a></li>

<li>Halls of residence

<ul><li><a href="Commonwealth_Hall" title="Commonwealth Hall">Commonwealth Hall</a></li>

<li><a href="Hughes_Parry_Hall%2C_London" title="Hughes Parry Hall, London">Hughes Parry Hall</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="London_University_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="London University (UK Parliament constituency)">Parliamentary constituency</a></li>

<li><a href="General_Examination_for_Women" title="General Examination for Women">General Examination for Women</a></li>

<li><a href="Privileged_bodies_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Privileged bodies of the United Kingdom">Privileged bodies of the United Kingdom</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #003F87; color: white; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #ED2939, inset -2px -2px 0 #ED2939;;width:1%;background: #ED2939; color: white">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_London" title="Academic dress of the University of London">Academic dress</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Careers_Group%2C_University_of_London" title="The Careers Group, University of London">The Careers Group</a></li>

<li><a href="London_Student" title="London Student">London Student</a></li>

<li><a href="University_of_London_Boat_Club" title="University of London Boat Club">University of London Boat Club</a></li>

<li><a href="University_of_London_Computer_Centre" title="University of London Computer Centre">University of London Computer Centre</a></li>

<li><a href="University_of_London_Press" title="University of London Press">University of London Press</a></li>

<li><a href="University_of_London_Union" title="University of London Union">University of London Union</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #003F87; color: white; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #ED2939, inset -2px -2px 0 #ED2939;"><div>

<ul><li> Category</li>

<li> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:University_of_London" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:University of London">Commons</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q51850916#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1075" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q51850916#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1075" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/308769837">VIAF</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/4242151433040356420009">2</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1149162023">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2014075880">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007448111005171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058608507106706">Catalonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/179889494">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/group/88fe45b3-4e0f-4a40-af55-85db07929318">Yale LUX</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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